Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in human bladder cancer

Abstract

These results suggest that enhanced expression of TGF-beta 1 is specific to low grade and stage bladder cancer. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 may play an important role in the early stages of human bladder cancer development, and TGF-beta 1 expression could provide a new relevant tumor marker for determining tumor progression in patients with bladder cancer.