Saving the Phenomena

TLDR

Scientific theories predict and explain observable facts through observation‑sentences, a view formalized by logical positivism which distinguishes observational and theoretical vocabularies and relies on deduction. Theories include correspondence rules that link theoretical terms to observational terms, enabling deductions.

Abstract

A according to a widely shared view of science, scientific theories predict and explain facts about observables: objects and properties which can be perceived by the senses, sometimes augmented by instruments. In the tradition associated with logical positivism, this view receives an influential formulation in terms of a supposed distinction between two kinds of vocabularies and an allied claim about the structure of theories. According to the positivists, facts about observables are reported by means of observation-sentences, expressed in an vocabulary. Explanation, prediction, and theory-testing involve the deduction of observation-sentences from other sentences, some of which may be formulated in a vocabulary, containing terms which do not signify observables. Such deductions are possible because theories also contain correspondence rules that systematically coordinate the terms of the theoretical vocabulary with terms from the observational vocabulary.'