TNF‐<i>α</i> TGF‐<i>β</i>2 and IL‐1<i>β</i> levels in gingival and peri‐implant crevicular fluid before and after de novo plaque accumulation

Abstract

These data suggest that increased volumes of GCF and PICF could be useful markers of early inflammation in gingival and peri-implant tissues. In the presence of de novo plaque, implants showed lower, and nearly significant, levels of IL-1beta compared with teeth.