Tissue reaction to three ceramics of porous and non‐porous structures

TLDR

The study examined ceramics as rigid, abrasive implants in living tissue. The authors implanted porous and non‑porous discs and tubes of CaO·Al₂O₃, CaO·TiO₂, and CaO·ZrO₂ into rabbit muscle and connective tissue and monitored inflammation and tissue response over 1 week to 9 months. All three ceramics elicited only a mild, acute inflammatory response, but porous implants showed faster healing, thinner fibrous encapsulation, and robust vascularized connective tissue ingrowth, with no adverse reactions observed.

Abstract

Abstract In this investigation, ceramics were studied to determine their role as rigid, abrasive implants in soft, living tissue. Discs and tubes of three ceramics, CaO·Al 2 O 3 , CaO·TiO 2 , and CaO·ZrO 2 , were introduced as porous and non‐porous structures into muscle and connective tissue sites in rabbits. The animals were observed grossly to determine the duration of redness and swelling following surgery, and samples were retrieved at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months after implantation. A mild, acute inflammatory response immediately followed the implantation of all three materials in both the porous and non‐porous forms. Histological sections of the ceramics and surrounding tissue, cut and stained for light microscopy, demonstrated the absence of inflammatory cells and revealed the normal morphology and organization of the cells present around all types of implants tested. Tissue around discs of porous ceramics healed faster and exhibited thinner fibrous encapsulations than with impervious discs of the same material. Healthy fibrous connective tissue with an ample blood supply occupied those implants with pores of 45–100 mμ, and even more rapidly filled the samples with a 100‐ to 150‐μ pore size. The tissue ingrowth and tight adherence to the porous samples was believed responsible for the more moderate response to porous implants. No adverse responses of any kind were observed, except in a very few, atypical specimens.