Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats

Abstract

THIS article describes the normal stages of parturition and discusses how to recognise and manage dystocia in dogs and cats. In each case, it is important to have a good understanding of normal parturitic parameters and to maintain good communication with the client. Intuition will also play a part in knowing when to wait and when to intervene, and once it has been established that a birth is not progressing normally, successful management will depend on quick, decisive action to ensure the safety of the bitch or queen and their offspring.