The First Fake? Imitation Turquoise Beads Recovered from a Syrian Neolithic Site, Tell El-Kerkh

Abstract

Three turquoise-blue beads from a Syrian neolithic site, Tell el-Kerkh, were investigated by micro X-ray fluorescence. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy. The results from the analyses and laboratory experiments indicated that the blue beads were and alternative to and imitation of natural turquoise beads. They are formed of and apatite core with a turquoise colour obtained probably by the heating of manganese or iron compounds. The microstructure and chemical composition of the beads indicates the use of mammal tooth or tusk, possible 'odontolite' (fossil ivory). The technique used to produce these blue beads is a precursor to the development of glazing.