A Transient Hot Wire Thermal Conductivity Apparatus for Fluids

TLDR

The apparatus cell is designed for pressures up to 70 MPa and temperatures 70–320 K, enabling oxygen measurements across dilute gas, moderately dense gas, near‑critical, compressed liquid, and sub‑critical vapor states. The study introduces a transient hot‑wire device to measure fluid thermal conductivity, particularly for rare gases, to directly test kinetic‑theory predictions. Using a 12.7 µm platinum wire in a Wheatstone‑bridge compensating circuit, the system records temperature transients up to 1 s with a minicomputer and digital voltmeter, and its performance was verified with N₂, He, and Ar while examining power‑dependent variations. The device achieves 0.5–0.8 % precision (2σ) for 4–5 K transients and about 1.5 % accuracy.

Abstract

A new apparatus for measuring the thermal conductivity of fluids is described. This is an absolute method utilizing a transient hot wire. Measurements are made with a 12.7 μm diameter platinum wire at real times of up to 1 second. The data acquisition system includes a minicomputer and a digital voltmeter. The experimental core of the system incorporates a compensating hot wire in a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The cell containing the core of the apparatus is designed to accommodate pressures from 0 to 70 MPa and temperatures from 70 to 320 K. Oxygen was measured over a wide range of physical states including the dilute gas, the moderately dense gas, the near critical region, the compressed liquid states, and the vapor at temperatures below the critical temperature. Performance checks of the apparatus were conducted with nitrogen, helium and argon. Measurement of rare gases allows a direct comparison to the kinetic theory of gases through the viscosity. A second check looks at the variation of the measured thermal conductivity as a function of the applied power. The precision (2 σ) of the new system is between 0.5 and 0.8 percent for wire temperature transients of 4 to 5 K, while the accuracy is estimated at around 1.5 percent.