Near- and far-field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight: an integrated computational study

TLDR

The study presents the first integrative CFD analysis of near‑ and far‑field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight using a biology‑inspired dynamic flight simulator. The simulator models realistic wing‑body morphologies and kinematics, enabling calculation of aerodynamic and inertial torques and power requirements for hovering. The CFD results reveal that a horseshoe vortex evolves into a doughnut‑shaped vortex ring with a core jet stream, that the computed lift and drag match experimental data, and that about 62 % of total lift is produced during the upstroke by stable leading‑edge and tip vortices, producing a stronger downwash than the downstroke.

Abstract

We present the first integrative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of near- and far-field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight using a biology-inspired, dynamic flight simulator. This simulator, which has been built to encompass multiple mechanisms and principles related to insect flight, is capable of 'flying' an insect on the basis of realistic wing-body morphologies and kinematics. Our CFD study integrates near- and far-field wake dynamics and shows the detailed three-dimensional (3D) near- and far-field vortex flows: a horseshoe-shaped vortex is generated and wraps around the wing in the early down- and upstroke; subsequently, the horseshoe-shaped vortex grows into a doughnut-shaped vortex ring, with an intense jet-stream present in its core, forming the downwash; and eventually, the doughnut-shaped vortex rings of the wing pair break up into two circular vortex rings in the wake. The computed aerodynamic forces show reasonable agreement with experimental results in terms of both the mean force (vertical, horizontal and sideslip forces) and the time course over one stroke cycle (lift and drag forces). A large amount of lift force (approximately 62% of total lift force generated over a full wingbeat cycle) is generated during the upstroke, most likely due to the presence of intensive and stable, leading-edge vortices (LEVs) and wing tip vortices (TVs); and correspondingly, a much stronger downwash is observed compared to the downstroke. We also estimated hovering energetics based on the computed aerodynamic and inertial torques, and powers.