Are MXenes Promising Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries? Computational Studies on Electronic Properties and Li Storage Capability of Ti₃C₂ and Ti₃C₂X₂ (X = F, OH) Monolayer

TLDR

Density‑functional theory calculations examined the electronic structure and lithium‑storage behavior of Ti₃C₂ and its fluorinated and hydroxylated MXene derivatives. Ti₃C₂ is a magnetic metal while its fluorinated and hydroxylated derivatives become narrow‑gap semiconductors, lithium adsorbs strongly yet preserves the lattice, the pristine monolayer offers low diffusion barriers and high storage capacity, and surface functionalization hinders Li transport and reduces capacity, making Ti₃C₂ a promising Li‑ion battery anode.

Abstract

Density functional theory (DFT) computations were performed to investigate the electronic properties and Li storage capability of Ti(3)C(2), one representative MXene (M represents transition metals, and X is either C or/and N) material, and its fluorinated and hydroxylated derivatives. The Ti(3)C(2) monolayer acts as a magnetic metal, while its derived Ti(3)C(2)F(2) and Ti(3)C(2)(OH)(2) in their stable conformations are semiconductors with small band gaps. Li adsorption forms a strong Coulomb interaction with Ti(3)C(2)-based hosts but well preserves its structural integrity. The bare Ti(3)C(2) monolayer exhibits a low barrier for Li diffusion and high Li storage capacity (up to Ti(3)C(2)Li(2) stoichiometry). The surface functionalization of F and OH blocks Li transport and decreases Li storage capacity, which should be avoided in experiments. The exceptional properties, including good electronic conductivity, fast Li diffusion, low operating voltage, and high theoretical Li storage capacity, make Ti(3)C(2) MXene a promising anode material for Li ion batteries.