Apatite Induced Renal Epithelial Injury: Insight Into the Pathogenesis of Kidney Stones

Abstract

Cell exposure to hydroxyapatite crystals induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. It caused up-regulation of the inflammation mediators that may be responsible for the kidney inflammation in patients with stones that is associated with tubular hydroxyapatite deposition. It may also have a role in the eruption of subepithelial Randall's plaques to the papillary surface.