Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes

Abstract

1. Summary, 7 2. Introduction, 7 3. The burden of viral infection, 8 3.1 Gastrointestinal infections, 8 3.2 Respiratory infections, 9 4. Dispersal, persistence and spread of viruses in domestic homes and community settings, 10 4.1 Gastrointestinal viruses, 11 4.1.1 Rotavirus, 11 4.1.2 Norwalk‐like viruses, 11 4.1.3 Hepatitis A virus, 12 4.2 Respiratory viruses, 12 4.3 Herpes simplex virus, 13 4.4 Varicella virus, 13 4.5 The infectious dose, 13 5. Evidence that hygiene can play a part in preventing transmission of viral infections, 13 6. Development of effective hygiene policies for prevention of transmission of viral infections, 16 7. Conclusions, 17 8. References, 18 Viruses are probably the most common cause of infectious disease acquired within indoor environments and have considerable impact on human health, ranging from severe life‐threatening illnesses to relatively mild and self‐limiting or asymptomatic diseases. In particular, viruses causing gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases spread rapidly in the community and cause considerable morbidity. Increasing numbers of people who have impaired immunity, for whom the consequences of infection can be much more serious, are now cared for in ‘out of hospital’ settings. This review examines the dispersal, persistence and control of some common viruses in the domestic home and in community facilities. There is growing evidence that person‐to‐person transmission via the hands and contaminated fomites plays a key role in the spread of viral infections and there is a need for wider understanding of the potential for contaminated surfaces to act as unidentified vectors of pathogens in the transmission cycle. Intervention studies have shown that improved standards of education, personal hygiene (particularly handwashing) and targeted environmental hygiene have considerable impact in the control and prevention of infectious organisms.