Salivary biomarkers of oral health – a cross‐sectional study

TLDR

Saliva can serve as a diagnostic fluid for oral diseases, offering a non‑invasive complement to clinical exams and enabling detection of disease biomarkers. The study aimed to assess whether established salivary biomarkers could detect periodontitis in epidemiological research. Researchers examined 451 adults, collected stimulated saliva, and quantified IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8, lysozyme, MMP‑8, and TIMP‑1 via ELISA, immunofluorometric, or Luminex assays. Severe periodontitis was associated with higher salivary IL‑1β, MMP‑8, and an increased MMP‑8/TIMP‑1 ratio, supporting their use as periodontal disease markers.

Abstract

Saliva is a useful diagnostic fluid for oral-related diseases. Monitoring salivary biomarkers for oral and systemic diseases could become an important complement to clinical examinations in epidemiological surveys. Recent findings indicate that it is possible to detect biomarkers for oral diseases within saliva samples. The aim of this study was to investigate if known salivary biomarkers could be used for epidemiological studies for detection of periodontitis.A randomly selected sample of adults (20-89 years) living in Southern Sweden were invited to participate. Four hundred and fifty-one individuals were examined clinically using standard examination procedures. Stimulated saliva samples were collected and analysed for concentrations of IL-1β, -6, -8, lysozyme, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 using ELISA, immunofluorometric assay or Luminex assays.Patients with severe periodontitis presented with elevated salivary concentrations of IL-1β (p < 0.001) and MMP-8 (p < 0.001). In addition, the MMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio was significantly higher in the severe periodontitis group (p < 0.001). Smokers compared with non-smokers showed slightly lower concentrations of IL-8 (p < 0.05) and MMP-8 (p = 0.052).This investigation shows that IL-1β, MMP-8 and the ratio of MMP-8/TIMP-1 could be used as markers of periodontal disease in larger patient populations.