Analysis of acoustic elements and syntax in communication sounds emitted by mustached bats

TLDR

Mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii parnellii) spend most of their lives in darkness and rely on their auditory system for both acoustic communication and echolocation. Their communication syllables are categorized into 19 simple, 14 composite, and 3 subsyllable types, with simple syllables defined by quantitative CF, FM, and NB patterns and composites formed by concatenating simple or subsyllables without silent gaps. The species emits a rich repertoire of 33 distinct call types, with syllables showing large intrinsic variation relative to echolocation pulses, three‑dimensional domains capturing 99 % of variation, and temporal analysis revealing syntactic rules governing syllable transitions.

Abstract

Mustached bats, Pteronotus parnellii parnellii spend most of their lives in the dark and use their auditory system for acoustic communication as well as echolocation. The sound spectrograms of their communication sounds or ‘‘calls’’ revealed that this species produces a rich variety of calls. These calls consist of one or more of the 33 different types of discrete sounds or ‘‘syllables’’ that are emitted singly and/or in combination. These syllables can be further classified as 19 simple syllables, 14 composites, and three subsyllables. Simple syllables consist of characteristic geometric patterns of CF (constant frequency), FM (frequency modulation), and NB (noise burst) sounds that are defined quantitatively using statistical criteria. Composites consist of simple syllables or subsyllables conjoined without any silent interval. Most syllable types exhibit a large intrinsic variation in their physical structure compared to the stereotypic echolocation pulses. Syllable domains are defined on the basis of multiple parameters, although these can be collapsed onto three dimensions that capture 99% of the measured variation among different types of syllables. Temporal analysis of multisyllabic constructs reveals several syntactical rules for syllable transitions.