Determination of the spatial TDR-sensor characteristics in strong dispersive subsoil using 3D-FEM frequency domain simulations in combination with microwave dielectric spectroscopy

Abstract

The spatial sensor characteristics of a 6cm TDR flat band cable sensor\nsection was simulated with finite element modelling (High Frequency Structure\nSimulator-HFSS) under certain conditions: (i) in direct contact to the\nsurrounding material (air, water of different salinities, different synthetic\nand natural soils (sand-silt-clay mixtures)), (ii) with consideration of a\ndefined gap of different size filled with air or water and (iii) the cable\nsensor pressed at a borehole-wall. The complex dielectric permittivity or\ncomplex electrical conductivity of the investigated saturated and unsaturated\nsoils was examined in the frequency range 50MHz-20GHz at room temperature and\natmospheric pressure with a HP8720D- network analyser. Three soil-specific\nrelaxation processes are assumed to act in the investigated\nfrequency-temperature-pressure range: one primary (main water relaxation) and\ntwo secondary processes due to clay-water-ion interactions (bound water\nrelaxation and the Maxwell-Wagner effect). 3D finite element simulation is\nperformed with a 1/3 wavelength based adaptive mesh refinement at a solution\nfrequency of 1MHz, 10MHz, 0.1GHz, 1GHz and 12.5GHz. The electromagnetic field\ndistribution, S-parameter and step responses were examined.\n