Prospects for electrically pumped organic lasers

TLDR

We have content for each. Let's aggregate. Background sentences: - "In crystalline films, the dominant loss mechanism is singlet-singlet annihilation, and this must be avoided if lasing is to be achieved at practical current densities." - "The electrically pumped crystalline-tetracene laser structure of Schön et al. Possible sentence: "In organic thin‑film lasers, singlet‑singlet annihilation dominates loss in crystalline films and must be avoided for practical current densities, while studies of the Schön crystalline‑tetracene structure show that confinement alone cannot explain spectral narrowing, suggesting electron‑hole plasmas, interface self‑focusing, or crystal defects as alternative mechanisms, and amorphous films would need to operate below 1000 A cm⁻² because of nonradiative losses." That's long but okay.

Abstract

We examine the effects of nonradiative losses on lasing in crystalline and amorphous organic thin films. In crystalline films, the dominant loss mechanism is singlet-singlet annihilation, and this must be avoided if lasing is to be achieved at practical current densities. The electrically pumped crystalline-tetracene laser structure of Sch\"on et al. [Science 289, 599 (2000)] is studied in detail. Optical and electrical confinement in the bulk structure appears unable to explain the spectral narrowing reported; consequently, we consider electron-hole plasmas, self-focusing at interfaces, and crystal defects as possible sources of the reported phenomena. In amorphous films, lasers are likely to have to operate at current densities $J<1000\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ due to a combination of nonradiative losses. The performance of potential lasing materials is quantified by the external quantum efficiency-current--density product, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{EXT}}J.$ Electrically pumped lasers require ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{EXT}}J\ensuremath{\sim}5\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ the best amorphous devices currently posses ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{EXT}}J\ensuremath{\sim}0.3\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$ However, we demonstrate that electrically pumped lasing in amorphous materials should be possible using indirect pumping techniques.