Carbon dots functionalized gold nanorod mediated delivery of doxorubicin: tri-functional nano-worms for drug delivery, photothermal therapy and bioimaging

Abstract

Carbon dots (C-dots) are novel nanomaterials for biological applications owing to their inherent surface decoration by a variety of functional groups, excellent fluorescent properties and biocompatibility under physiological conditions. Gold nanorods (GNRs) are one of the most celebrated nanomaterials for photothermal therapy as well as delivery of therapeutic payloads because of their typical size and shape related features. We have synthesized a unique blend of C-dots and GNRs (C-dots@GNRs) for the controlled release of doxorubicin (DOX) under ideal physiological conditions. Highly fluorescent C-dots were synthesized using microwave assisted heating of gum arabic (GA) and subsequently purified using Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation (SDGC). In a modified seed mediated protocol, purified C-dots were added into the growth solution, to make a C-dots@GNR complex. This complex was used for anchoring DOX via covalent and non-covalent pH sensitive chemical bonds. Under physiological conditions, the drug loading capacity of C-dots@GNRs was calculated to be ∼94%. Another beneficial attribute of the complex was found to be synergistic potential in high drug loading and rapid burst of drug release under the influence of near infrared (NIR) radiation (808 nm), thus proving a highly biocompatible thermo-chemotherapy for solid tumors.