Change in Amniotic Fluid Levels of Multiple Anti-Angiogenic Proteins before Development of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Abstract

Significant elevation of leptin can be detected in AF 2 months earlier than the appearance of symptoms; thus, it may be used as a predictive marker for preeclampsia. The increase of these antiangiogenic proteins supports the roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in pathogenesis of preeclampsia.