RADIATION‐INDUCED HYPOPITUITARISM IS DOSE‐DEPENDENT

TLDR

Radiation‑induced hypopituitarism has been prospectively studied over 12 years in 251 adults receiving external radiotherapy doses of 20–45 Gy for pituitary disease. Additional cohorts included 10 patients receiving 12 Gy whole‑body irradiation and 7 patients receiving 30 Gy whole‑brain radiotherapy to evaluate dose‑dependent pituitary effects. Incidence of pituitary hormone deficiencies rises with dose, with TSH deficiency reaching 52 % at 42–45 Gy, ACTH and gonadotrophin deficiencies increasing significantly above 35 Gy, GH deficiency occurring universally at 35–45 Gy, while no deficits were seen after 12 Gy, indicating that both total dose and fractionation schedule determine risk.

Abstract

SUMMARY Radiation‐induced hypopituitarism has been studied prospectively for up to 12 years in 251 adult patients treated for pituitary disease with external radiotherapy, ranging in dose from 20 Gy in eight fractions over 11 days to 45 Gy in 15 fractions over 21 days. Ten further patients were studied 2–4 years after whole‐body irradiation for haematological malignancies using 12 Gy in six fractions over 3 days and seven patients were studied 3–11 years after whole‐brain radiotherapy for a primary brain tumour (30 Gy, eight fractions, 11 days). Five years after treatment, patients who received 20 Gy had an incidence of TSH deficiency of 9|X% and in patients treated with 35–37 Gy, 40 Gy and 42–45 Gy, the incidence of TSH deficiency (22, 35 and 52% respectively) increased significantly ( P < 0.001) with increasing dose. A similar relationship was observed for both ACTH and gonadotrophin deficiencies when the 20 Gy group was compared to patients treated with 35–45 Gy ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively). Growth hormone deficiency was universal by 5 years over the dose range 35–45 Gy. In seven patients who were treated with 30 Gy in eight fractions over 11 days, deficiencies were observed at a similar frequency to the 40 Gy group (15 fractions, 21 days). No evidence of pituitary dysfunction was detected in the ten patients who received 12 Gy (six fractions, 3 days). Both total radiation dose and fractionation schedule may determine the incidence of pituitary hormone deficiencies. The dose below which deficiencies do not occur is probably irrelevant to therapeutic irradiation of pituitary and other intracranial neoplasms.