Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Due to Malignant Hypercalcemia: Physiopathological Considerations

Abstract

The development of PRES in the setting of severe hypercalcemia is extremely rare. Hypercalcemia could lead to PRES in the absence of hypertension by various mechanisms, including vasospasm, endothelial dysfunction, and an inflammatory state. A high index of suspicion is needed in this setting because hypercalcemia can lead to neurological symptomatology, and prompt diagnosis is essential for adequate treatment.