Energy metabolism of cancer: Glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation (Review)

TLDR

Cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis over mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, a shift long attributed to impaired OXPHOS but now understood to result from oncogenic, microenvironmental, and genetic factors. The study aims to elucidate the complex metabolic features of cancer to inform early diagnosis and targeted therapies. Recent evidence shows that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation remains functional in most cancers, challenging the notion that glycolysis dominates due to OXPHOS impairment.

Abstract

Metabolic activities in normal cells rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate ATP for energy. Unlike in normal cells, glycolysis is enhanced and OXPHOS capacity is reduced in various cancer cells. It has long been believed that the glycolytic phenotype in cancer is due to a permanent impairment of mitochondrial OXPHOS, as proposed by Otto Warburg. This view is challenged by recent investigations which find that the function of mitochondrial OXPHOS in most cancers is intact. Aerobic glycolysis in many cancers is the combined result of various factors such as oncogenes, tumor suppressors, a hypoxic microenvironment, mtDNA mutations, genetic background and others. Understanding the features and complexity of the cancer energy metabolism will help to develop new approaches in early diagnosis and effectively target therapy of cancer.