Circulation · 1977 · 60 citations · 8 references
MedicineRadiologySurgeryCardiothoracic SurgeryDiagnostic ImagingUltrasonographyCardiac AssessmentCardiac CatheterizationCardiac Shunt EvaluationCardiac UltrasonographyEchocardiographic Hemodynamic AssessmentSeptal DefectsExtracardiac Shunt AssessmentIntracardiac EchocardiographyIntracardiac Shunt AssessmentIntracardiac Shunt DetectionPostoperative Shunt Residual AssessmentResidual Shunt EvaluationRight-to-left Shunt DetectionSeptal Defect Diagnosis
A bedside echocardiographic technique was used to detect and localize residual intracardiac shunts in 26 patients who had surgical repair of septal defects. Contrast echocardiography was performed through central venous and left atrial monitoring catheters at the same time as cardiogreen dye curves. Indicator dilution confirmed residual atrial defects in ten patients and ventricular defects in five. Contrast echocardiography indicated the presence and level of shunting in all 15 patients. Temporary flow through newly implanted septal patches was detected and differentiated from shunting across a true residual defect. The contrast echocardiographic technique using injections through the central venous and left atrial catheters as described detects and localizes right-to-left and left-to-right shunting. It is a safe and reliable method to evaluate residual intracardiac defects postoperatively.
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Echocardiography of the Aortic Root
Raymond Gramiak, Pravin M. Shah · Investigative Radiology · 1968 · 926 citations
Medicine, Cardiology, Radiology +12
Ultrasound Cardiography: Contrast Studies in Anatomy and Function
Raymond Gramiak, Pravin Shah, David H. Kramer · Radiology · 1969 · 460 citations
Medicine, Anatomy, Cardiology +17
Contrast Agents for Diagnostic Ultrasound
Marvin C. Ziskin, Akbar Bonakdarpour, David Weinstein et al. · Investigative Radiology · 1972 · 102 citations