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A dual role of protein kinase C in insulin signal transduction via adenylyl cyclase signaling system in muscle tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates11Abbreviations: PKC, protein kinase C (α, λ, ε, ϕ, ζ, its isoforms); AC, adenylyl cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1); AC I, II, etc. (isoforms of AC); ACSM, adenylyl cyclase signaling mechanism; DAG, diacylglycerol; PE, phorbol esters; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PI3-K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Gs-protein, stimulatory GTP-binding protein; Gi-protein, inhibitory GTP-binding protein; α, β, γ, the subunits of G-proteins; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; PT, pertussis toxin; ChT, cholera toxin; Gpp[NH]p, 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate; DTT, dithiothreitol; and cAMP, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate.