Phantasmidine: An Epibatidine Congener from the Ecuadorian Poison Frog<i>Epipedobates anthonyi</i>

Abstract

The skin of the Ecuadorian poison frog Epipedobates anthonyi contains the potent nicotinic agonists epibatidine (1) and N-methylepibatidine (3). In addition, a condensed tetracyclic epibatidine congener has been identified with activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but different selectivity than epibatidine. This rigid tetracycle has been named phantasmidine (4). Phantasmidine has a molecular formula of C(11)H(11)N(2)OCl, shares a chloropyridine moiety with 1, and also contains furan, pyrrolidine, and cyclobutane rings. A combination of GC-MS and GC-FTIR analysis with on-column derivatization, 1D NMR spectroscopy with selective irradiation, and spectral simulation, along with 2D NMR, were used to elucidate the structure from a total sample of approximately 20 microg of HPLC-purified 4 and its corresponding acetamide (5). After synthesis, this novel rigid agonist may serve as a selective probe for beta4-containing nicotinic receptors and potentially lead to useful pharmaceuticals.