Contrast enhancement patterns of hepatic tumours during the vascular phase using coded harmonic imaging and Levovist to differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from other focal lesions

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to assess contrast enhancement patterns of hepatic tumours during the vascular phase using contrast-enhanced ultrasound and Levovist to differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from other hepatic tumours. 89 hepatic tumours in 82 consecutive patients were evaluated using coded harmonic ultrasound imaging. The procedure used a phase inversion harmonic technique and coded technology. We observed images for 2 min from the beginning of the administration as the vascular phase using continuous transmission and intermittent transmissions of 1 s or 2 s. The contrast agent Levovist was administered intravenously as a bolus infusion of 2.5 g. Tumour vessels with flow spreading into the tumour and/or homogeneously stained hyperechoic images were observed in 34 of the 41 hepatocellular carcinomas (sensitivity, 82.9%; specificity, 93.8%). Peripheral enhancements were characteristic of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic hepatic tumours (sensitivity, 60.0% and 83.3%; specificity, 65.5% and 76.4%, respectively). Pooling at the periphery or throughout the tumour was apparent only in haemangioma (sensitivity, 76.5%; specificity, 100%). A tortuous feeding artery and spoke-like vascularization were evident only in the two focal nodular hyperplasias. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using coded harmonic ultrasound imaging and Levovist provided detailed information about tumour vascularity and contrast enhancement patterns in hepatic tumours.