Angiographic Embolization for Liver Injuries: Low Mortality, High Morbidity

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Angiographic embolization (AE) is a safe and effective method for controlling hemorrhage in both blunt and penetrating liver injuries. Improved survival after hepatic injuries has been documented using a multimodality approach; however, patients still have significant long-term morbidity. This study examines further the role of AE in both blunt and penetrating liver injuries and the outcomes of its use. METHODS: The medical records of 37 consecutive patients admitted from 1995 to 2002 to a Level I trauma center who underwent hepatic angiography with the intent to embolize were reviewed. Demographic and clinical information including Injury Severity Score, length of stay, mortality, intra-abdominal complications, admission physiologic variables, and the number and type of abdominal operations performed were collected. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients underwent hepatic angiography and 26 patients had hepatic embolization performed. Eleven patients underwent early-AE, immediately after computed tomographic scanning, and 15 underwent late-AE, after liver-related operations or later in their hospital course. There was a 27% mortality rate overall. There were 11 liver-related complications in the 26 embolizations. Excluding the early deaths, the associated morbidity was 58%, which included hepatic necrosis, hepatic abscesses, and bile leaks. CONCLUSION: There is increasing adjunctive use of AE in patients managed both operatively and nonoperatively. Intra-abdominal complications are common in these salvaged patients with severe liver injuries. Those patients that underwent early-AE received significantly fewer blood transfusions and more commonly had sterile hepatic collections. Only 26% of patients required liver-related surgery after AE. Therefore, the integration of AE as an adjunctive modality for patients with high-grade liver injuries is a safe and effective therapeutic option.