Transactions of the American Mathematical Society · 1971 · 153 citations · 13 references
Natural SciencesMathematicsMathematical PhysicsTheoretical PhysicsTopologyCohomology TheoryFundamental GroupGroup TheoryHomological AlgebraHomotopy TheoryLie GroupsCohomology GroupsFeynman Path IntegralsFundamental Group ActionsFundamental Group Of A ManifoldFundamental Group Of A Topological SpaceHomotopy Type TheoryIterated Integrals
A method of iterated integration along paths is used to extend deRham cohomology theory to a homotopy theory on the fundamental group level. For every connected <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper C Superscript normal infinity"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{C^\infty }</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> manifold <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="German upper M"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak {M}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with a base point <italic>p</italic> , we construct an algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="pi Superscript 1 Baseline equals pi Superscript 1 Baseline left-parenthesis German upper M comma p right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\pi ^1} = {\pi ^1}(\mathfrak {M},p)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> consisting of iterated integrals, whose value along each loop at <italic>p</italic> depends only on the homotopy class of the loop. Thus <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="pi Superscript 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\pi ^1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> can be taken as a commutative algebra of functions on the fundamental group <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="pi 1 left-parenthesis German upper M right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\pi _1}(\mathfrak {M})</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , whose multiplication induces a comultiplication <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="pi Superscript 1 Baseline right-arrow pi Superscript 1 Baseline circled-times pi Superscript 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> → </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo> ⊗ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\pi ^1} \to {\pi ^1} \otimes {\pi ^1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , which makes <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="pi Superscript 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\pi ^1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> a Hopf algebra. The algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="pi Superscript 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi> π </mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\pi ^1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> relates the fundamental group to analysis of the manifold, and we obtain some analytical conditions which are sufficient to make the fundamental group nonabelian or nonsolvable. We also show that <inline-fo
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On the Structure of Hopf Algebras
John Milnor, John C. Moore · Annals of Mathematics · 1965 · 1.6K citations
Lie Elements and an Algebra Associated With Shuffles
Rimhak Ree · Annals of Mathematics · 1958 · 330 citations
David P. Kraines · Transactions of the American Mathematical Society · 1966 · 203 citations · Full text