Electroanalysis · 1997 · 191 citations · 110 references
EngineeringBioengineeringImmunologyBiosensorsElectrochemistrySensorsBiological SensorsBiomedical SensorsCapacitive SensingElectrochemical BiosensorsElectrochemical DetectionElectrochemical SensorsCapacitanceElectrochemical BiosensingElectrochemical DiagnosticsElectrochemical ImmunosensorsElectrochemical SensingImmunosensorsPotentiometric Sensors
Electrochemical immunosensors and immunoassays have evolved to include indirect formats with enzymatic or electroactive labels and diverse electrode platforms such as conventional electrodes, ISFETs, and LAPS. The study discusses strategies for regenerating electrochemical immunosensor surfaces. The review highlights enzyme labels compatible with amperometric, potentiometric, and conductimetric detection methods. Direct, label‑free detection of immunoreactions is achieved using capacitance and pulsed polypyrrole‑modified electrodes, and the devices are applied in clinical and environmental settings.
Abstract The developments in the field of electrochemical immunosensors and immunoassays are reviewed. The enzyme labels suitable for amperometric, potentiometric and conductimetric detection are mentioned. Indirect immunosensors (i.e., that involving enzymatic or electroactive labels) use either heterogeneous or homogeneous formats. Immunoelectrodes are based on conventional electrodes, semiconductor devices are represented by ISFETs and light addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS). Direct label‐free monitoring of immunoreactions is demonstrated on capacitance systems and pulsed detection using polypyrrole‐modified electrodes. The approaches to regeneration of sensing surfaces are discussed. Examples are given on applications of electrochemical immunodevices in clinical medicine and in environmental monitoring.
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Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity
Georges Köhler, César Milstein · Nature · 1975 · 17.2K citations
Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Immunology +11