Mid‐pregnancy maternal plasma levels of interleukin 2, 6, and 12, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interferon‐gamma, and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and spontaneous preterm delivery

Abstract

Elevated mid-pregnancy plasma IL-2, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF did not appear to be associated with an increased risk of sPTD, while elevated IFN-gamma and IL-6 levels were weakly associated with moderate and late sPTD. The value of using mid-pregnancy cytokines in predicting spontaneous preterm delivery appears limited.