Clinical Infectious Diseases · 1999 · 306 citations · 19 references
MedicineInfectious DiseasesNeurologyPediatric Infectious DiseasesPediatric NeurologyVirologyCentral Nervous System InfectionsEmerging Viral DiseasesEncephalitisNeuropathology Of InfectionViral EpidemiologyViral InfectionsEncephalitis PathogenesisHand-foot-mouth DiseaseInfectious EncephalitisNeurological Viral InfectionsPediatric Central Nervous System InfectionPediatric EncephalitisPediatric Magnetic Resonance ImagingViral Encephalitis
An outbreak of enterovirus 71 in Taiwan in 1998 highlighted that brain‑stem encephalitis can range from mild cerebellar signs to fatal neurogenic shock and pulmonary edema. The study aimed to improve survival by advocating early aggressive treatment and close monitoring of neurological signs. The authors analyzed clinical spectra and laboratory findings in 97 culture‑confirmed EV71 patients. Among 97 children, 87 % were under 5, 79 % had hand‑foot‑mouth syndrome, 35 % developed CNS involvement (including 9 deaths), with myoclonus, vomiting, and ataxia most common, and brain‑stem encephalitis—targeting the midbrain, pons, and medulla—often progressed to neurogenic shock and pulmonary edema, signaling a poor prognosis.
An outbreak of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection occurred in Taiwan in 1998. The clinical spectrums and laboratory findings for 97 patients with virus culture-proven EV71 infections were analyzed. Eighty-seven percent of the patients were younger than age 5 years. Hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome occurred in 79% of the children and central nervous system (CNS) involvement in 35%, including nine fatal cases. The predominant neurological presentations were myoclonus (68%), vomiting (53%), and ataxia (35%). Brain stem encephalitis was the cardinal feature of EV71 CNS involvement during this outbreak. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings illustrated that the midbrain, pons, and medulla were the target areas. EV71 brain stem encephalitis can present either with cerebellar signs and an initially mild, reversible course or with overwhelming neurogenic shock and neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) resulting in a fatal outcome. Brain stem encephalitis that progressed abruptly to neurogenic shock and NPE was indicative of poor prognosis in this epidemic. Early aggressive treatment and close monitoring of the neurological signs are mandatory to improve the chance of survival.
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Fatal enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis
Lucy CS Lum, Kum Thong Wong, SK Lam et al. · The Journal of Pediatrics · 1998 · 326 citations
Yoshiroo ISHIMARU, Shunji Nakano, Kunio Yamaoka et al. · Archives of Disease in Childhood · 1980 · 233 citations · Full text