Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka

Abstract

One of Earth9s largest known eruptions, the Toba eruption of 75 ka, erupted a minimum of 2800 km 3 of magma, of which at least 800 km 3 was deposited as ash fall. This ash may be entirely of coignimbrite origin and dispersed widely because of high drag coefficients on the predominantly bubble-wall shards. Shards of this shape are broken from the walls of spherical vesicles, which formed in high abundance in isotropic strain shadows near phenocrysts in this crystal-rich magma.