Holocene hunter-fisher-gatherer communities: new perspectives on Kansyore Using communities of Western Kenya

Abstract

In this study we present new data on Kansyore-ceramic using hunter-gatherers from four sites in western Kenya and argue that their specialist fishing economy and pattern of seasonal mobility indicates that they were moderate delayed-return hunter-gatherers. In particular, we recognise the importance of developing a more secure chronology for these Holocene communities, as well as a unified ceramic typology/methodology. Using evidence from Siror, Usenge 1, Usenge 3 and Pundo, we present a picture of changing ceramic and subsistence patterns over time and suggest that Kansyore-using communities can be loosely divided into Early Kansyore (c. 6000–5000 cal. BC) and Late/Terminal Kansyore (c. 1000 cal. BC – cal. AD 500). Recognising that the available data do not cover the crucial ‘middle’ period, it is nevertheless believed that certain diachronic patterns can be postulated. As such, the transition to ceramic use is discussed in the Early Kansyore, and the slow take-up of ceramics noted. During the Late/Terminal Kansyore, the evidence presented here shows increasing contact with neighbouring communities as well.