Differential regulation of TGF-β–induced, ALK-5–mediated VEGF release by SMAD2/3 versus SMAD1/5/8 signaling in glioblastoma

Abstract

TGF-β regulates VEGF release by glioma cells in an ALK-5-dependent manner involving SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD1/5/8 signaling. This crosstalk between the TGF-β and VEGF pathways may open up new avenues of biomarker-driven exploratory clinical trials focusing on the microenvironment in glioblastoma.