Hemodynamic effects of fluid loading in acute massive pulmonary embolism

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the hemodynamic effects of fluid loading in patients with acute circulatory failure caused by acute massive pulmonary embolism (AMPE). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Respiratory critical care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirteen patients free of previous cardiopulmonary disease with angiographically proven AMPE (Miller index = 24 +/- 1), with acute circulatory failure defined by a cardiac index (CI) lower than 2.5 L/min/m2. INTERVENTION: Infusion of 500 mL of dextran 40 over 20 mins. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fluid loading induced a substantial increase in right atrial pressure from 9 +/- 1 mm Hg to 17 +/- 1 mm Hg and in right ventricular end-diastolic volume index from 123 +/- 14 mL/m2 to 150 +/- 11 mL/m2 (p < .05 for both comparisons). The increase in right ventricular preload was associated with an increase in Cl from 1.6 +/- 0.1 to 2.0 +/- 0.1 L/min/m2 (p < .05), whereas right ventricular ejection fraction (15 +/- 3% at baseline vs. 16 +/- 3% after fluid loading) and total pulmonary vascular resistance index (1689 +/- 187 dyne x sec/cm5 x m2 at baseline vs. 1492 +/- 166 dyne x sec/ cm5 x m2 after fluid loading) remained unchanged. The increase in Cl induced by fluid loading was inversely correlated to baseline right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (r = -.89 ; p< .05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that fluid loading can improve hemodynamic status in patients with acute circulatory failure caused by AMPE.