Sequence of ossification in the skeleton of growing and metamorphosing tadpoles of <i>Rana pipiens</i>

Abstract

Abstract The order of ossification of bones in the skeleton of Rana pipiens during larval growth and metamorphosis has been determined from observations on specimens fixed in 70% alcohol and stained with alizarin red S. The axial skeleton ossifies in a generally cephalo‐caudal sequence, beginning with the parasphenoid bone at Taylor‐Kollros stages IV‐IX, followed by vertebrae (V‐IX) and then the urostyle (IX‐XIV). Exoccipitals (VII‐IX), frontoparietals (XI‐XII) and prootics (XIII‐XVII) are additional cranial bones which successively ossify before metamorphosis. With the onset of metamorphosis at stage XVIII jawbones and rostral bones of the skull ossify in the following succession: premaxilla, maxilla, septomaxilla, nasal, dentary, angular, squamosal, pterygoid, prevomer, mentomeckelian, quadratojugal, palatine, columella, posteromedial process of “hyoid.” The sphenethmoid does not ossify until after metamorphosis. Ossification of limbbones begins with the femur or humerus at stages X‐XII and progresses proximo‐distally to the phalanges by stages XIII‐XV. Carpals, however, do not ossify until stage XXV or after metamorphosis. The ilium of the pelvic girdle begins to ossify at stages X‐XII, but the ischium is delayed until stages XX‐XXIII. Scapula and coracoid of the pectoral girdle undergo initial ossification at stages XII‐XIV, suprascapula and clavicle at stages XIII‐XV. The sternum does not begin to ossify until stage XXIV. The possible role of thyroid hormones in stimulating osteogenesis is discussed.