Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM‐CSF) Restores Decreased Monocyte HLA‐DR Expression after Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract

Immune system suppression after cardiac surgery is reflected in prolonged diminished HLA-DR expression on monocytes and B-lymphocytes. Suppression is not irreversible but can - at least IN VITRO - be overridden by the immunostimulating compound GM-CSF.