Fetal Growth and Glucose and Insulin Metabolism in Four‐year‐old Indian Children

TLDR

Low birthweight is linked to impaired glucose tolerance and increased type 2 diabetes risk, and both conditions are prevalent in India. The study aimed to assess whether low birthweight predicts impaired glucose tolerance in 4‑year‑old Indian children. Glucose tolerance tests were performed on 379 four‑year‑old children in Pune, using recorded birthweights. Children with lower birthweights showed higher 30‑minute glucose and insulin responses, indicating impaired glucose homeostasis and supporting the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes may be programmed in fetal life.

Abstract

Studies in Britain have shown that adults who had a low birthweight have high plasma glucose concentrations 30 and 120 min after an oral glucose load, and an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Both Type 2 diabetes and low birthweight are common in India. To determine whether low birthweight is associated with reduced glucose tolerance in Indian children, glucose tolerance tests were carried out on 379 4‐year‐old children, whose birthweights were recorded, in Pune, India. Among 201 children who had been looked after on the routine postnatal wards at birth, those with lower birthweights had higher plasma glucose and insulin concentrations 30 min after an oral glucose load, independently of their current size ( p = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively). Mean glucose and insulin concentrations were 8.1 mmol I −1 and 321 pmol I −1 in children whose birthweight had been 2.4 kg or less, compared with 7.5 mmol I −1 and 289 pmol I −1 in those who weighed more than 3.0 kg. Among 178 children who had been looked after in the Special Care Baby Unit, those with lower birthweights also had higher plasma insulin concentrations at 30 min but there were no trends with plasma glucose. Our findings suggest that Indian children with reduced intra‐uterine growth have reduced glucose homeostasis after a glucose challenge. This is consistent with the hypothesis that Type 2 diabetes mellitus in India may be programmed in fetal life.