Systemic lupus erythematosus after heavy exposure to quartz dust in uranium mines: clinical and serological characteristics

Abstract

Antimalarial drugs are effective disease modifying agents in RA with a low incidence of serious toxic effects. Recently, combinations of second-line agents have been used in RA in attempts to treat patients with no response to a number of single agents, or suboptimal response to a single agent. Combinations of drugs have been selected for maximum efficacy and minimum toxicity, but clinical trials are difficult to design and interpret. In particular, ensuring adequate power to detect small differences in response poses a major problem. Antimalarials are an attractive choice for combination therapy due to their efficacy, mechanisms of action and toxicity profile. In this review, the evidence for the use of antimalarials in combination in RA is examined. No advantage has been shown in combining antimalarials with gold, penicillamine or sulphasalazine compared with monotherapeutic regimens. There is some evidence to suggest a beneficial combination of antimalarials with methotrexate, but this is as yet inconclusive. Open non-randomised uncontrolled studies have shown that antimalarials combined with cytotoxic agents are effective but highly toxic. The authors conclude that there is little good evidence to support the introduction of combination second-line drug therapy for RA into widespread therapeutic use.