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High diversity of ants foraging on extrafloral nectar of bromeliads in the Atlantic rainforest of southern Brazil
14
Citations
45
References
2010
Year
BotanyInsect ConservationEntomologySocial InsectTropical Insect ScienceForest EntomologyFlower MitesPhytogeographyAechmea LindeniiPlant-insect InteractionHigh DiversityAechmea SpeciesBiologyAtlantic RainforestNatural SciencesEvolutionary BiologySouthern BrazilSymbiosisInsect Social Behavior
Abstract In southern Brazil, we frequently observed inflorescences of two bromeliad species, Aechmea lindenii and A. nudicaulis, being visited by ants. We recorded the species spectrum and frequency of ants on inflorescences by examining more than 200 plants in three habitats to assess whether they were specifically associated to the bromeliad flowers. We recorded up to 36 associated ant species at A. lindenii and seven at A. nudicaulis, with non-plateauing species accumulation curves. Three species richness estimators (ICE, Jack2, and Chao2) indicated 40–46 species for A. lindenii in secondary forest. Ant species of the genera Crematogaster and/or Camponotus were always among the most frequent. To explain the association of bromeliad flowers with such a high richness of ant species we tested two hypotheses: (1) ants exploit extrafloral nectar on the flowers or (2) ants hunt for abundant hummingbird-transported flower mites that likely effect plant reproduction by feeding on nectar and pollen. After excluding all flower visitors we recorded for the first time the production of extrafloral nectar at the sepal tips of the two Aechmea species from early buds to the early fruiting period. Ants were present at 88% of all inflorescences during that period. In contrast, flower mites could only be found as soon as the first flowers had opened, that is, when the inflorescences had already been visited by ants for several days. Quantitative behavioral analyses of worker ants on A. lindenii inflorescences revealed that they spent 42% of their time inspecting the sepal tips. Preying on mites was rarely observed. We conclude that the extrafloral nectar secreted at the sepal tips constitutes the main target for a high diversity of unspecialized ants. Nevertheless, the ants might ultimately serve the bromeliads by reducing the mites' impact on plant fitness. No sul do Brazil freqüentemente observamos inflorescências de duas espécies de bromélias, Aechmea lindenii e A. nudicaulis, sendo visitadas por formigas. Registramos as espécies de formigas e as suas freqüências nas inflorescências de mais de 200 plantas, em três tipos de habitat, para testar se elas foram específicamente associadas com flores de bromelias. Registramos até 36 espécies de formigas associadas a A. lindenii e sete associadas a A. nudicaulis, com curvas de acumulação de espécies não alcançando um platô. Três estimadores de riqueza (ICE, Jack2, e Chao2) indicaram 40–46 espécies para A. lindenii em floresta secundária. Espécies dos gêneros Crematogaster e/ou Camponotus sempre estiveram entre as mais frequentes. Para testar a associação de flores de bromélias com a alta riqueza de espécies de formigas nós testamos duas hipóteses: (1) formigas usam néctar extrafloral das flores ou (2) formigas atacam os ácaros muito abundantes, transportados por beija-flores, e que possivelmente interferem na reprodução das plantas por consumirem néctar e pólen. Excluindo todos os visitantes florais, registramos pela primeira vez a produção de néctar extrafloral nas pontas das sépalas das duas espécies de Aechmea no período de botões jovens até o início da frutificação. Formigas estiveram presentes em 88% de todas as inflorescências neste período. Em contraste, ácaros em flores foram encontrados somente assim que as primeiras flores abriram, momento em que as inflorescências já tinham sido visitadas pelas formigas há vários dias. Análises quantitativas do comportamento das formigas operárias em inflorescências de A. lindenii revelaram que elas ficaram 42% do seu tempo inspecionando as pontas das sépalas. Predação por ácaros foi observada raramente. Concluímos que o néctar extrafloral secretado nas pontas das sépalas constitue o principal alvo para uma alta riqueza de formigas não-especializadas. Contudo, as formigas poderiam, em última análise, beneficiar as bromélias reduzindo o impacto dos ácaros sobre as plantas. Keywords: Aechmea ant–plant interactionsbehavioral analysishummingbird flower mitesFormicidaespecies richness estimation Acknowledgements We thank J. Delabie, B. Cortês Lopes, P. Ward, M. Verhaagh, J. Bihn, and R. Feitosa for identifying many of our ants; M. Cortopassi-Laurino for help with nectar analysis; the late M. Hering de Queiroz and A. Sprada Tavares for access to the study sites; K.-H. Hellmer of the Department for Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates at the University of Tübingen for taking EM pictures; G.J. de Moraes and R. Colwell for mite identification; P. Pilz and B. Siemers for statistical advice; M. Fendt for providing the event recorder software; W. Engels, S. Cremer, and the reviewers D.L. Pearson, S. Koptur, and J.T. Longino for many helpful comments on the manuscript; and all colleagues of the bee laboratory of the UFSC for their support. This study is part of the project "Internal dynamics of rain forests: specificity of animal–plant interaction" within the Brazilian–German program "Mata Atlântica", and we acknowledge financial support by BMBF (01LB0205A1) and CNPq (690143/01-0).
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