Adrenal Necrosis in Generalized Herpes Simplex

Abstract

Members of the ciliary neurotrophic factor (<i>CNTF</i>)-leukemia inhibitory factor (<i>LIF</i>) gene family play an essential role for survival of developing and postnatal motoneurons. When subunits of the shared receptor complex are inactivated by homologous recombination, the mice die at approximately birth and exhibit reduced numbers of motoneurons in the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei. However, mice in which <i>cntf</i>, <i>lif</i>, or cardiotrophin-1 (<i>ct-1</i>) are inactivated can survive and show less motoneuron cell loss. This suggests cooperative and redundant roles of these ligands. However, their cooperative functions are not well understood. We generated <i>cntf/lif/ct-1</i> triple-knock-out and combinations of double-knock-out mice to study the individual and combined roles of CNTF, LIF and CT-1 on postnatal motoneuron survival and function. Triple-knock-out mice exhibit increased motoneuron cell loss in the lumbar spinal cord that correlates with muscle weakness during early postnatal development. LIF deficiency leads to pronounced loss of distal axons and motor endplate alterations, whereas CNTF-and/or CT-1-deficient mice do not show significant changes in morphology of these structures. In <i>cntf/lif/ct-1</i> triple-knock-out mice, various degrees of muscle fiber type grouping are found, indicating that denervation and reinnervation had occurred. We conclude from these findings that CNTF, LIF, and CT-1 have distinct functions for motoneuron survival and function and that LIF plays a more important role for postnatal maintenance of distal axons and motor endplates than CNTF or CT-1.