Pediatric Emergency Care · 2011 · 33 citations · 8 references
Procedural restraint use in preverbal and early-verbal children is extensive, and significant amounts of force are used, which vary by procedure. Restraint use diminishes with age. A scoring system for restraint use is suggested based on the number of body parts restrained.
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The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children.
Sandra Merkel, Terri Voepel‐Lewis, J R Shayevitz et al. · PubMed · 1997 · 1.6K citations
Holding children still for procedures
Jacqueline Collier, Samuel Robinson · Paediatric Care · 1997 · 44 citations
Introducing a clinical holding policy
Karina Lambrenos, Elizabeth McArthur · Paediatric Care · 2003 · 28 citations