SPE Drilling Engineering · 1991 · 48 citations · 6 references
Geotechnical EngineeringHydration TemperaturesCementationEngineeringZonal IsolationCivil EngineeringConcrete TechnologyVolume ChangesCementitious MaterialsExpansive CementFiber-reinforced Cement CompositeCement-based Construction MaterialConstruction EngineeringCement Setting
The study surveys cementing terminology to clarify cement setting and its role in controlling interzonal fluid flow. The authors modified existing and designed new laboratory equipment to test theories on annular gas flow, cement bonding, interzonal channeling, intrazone isolation, and to measure interrelationships among static‑gel‑strength development, volume reductions, hydration temperatures, permeability changes, plastic‑state shrinkage, and compressive strength. The experiments reveal that hydration volume reduction is small and correlates with cement content, temperature rise correlates with static‑gel‑strength, permeability drops rapidly and correlates with fluid‑loss tests, plastic‑state shrinkage contributes little to total HVR, compressive strength, HVR, and heat of hydration are generally correlated, and expansive cement shows higher HVR but lower plastic‑state shrinkage, providing guidance for timing temperature logs, perforating, and stimulation.
Summary This paper surveys cementing terminology for clarifying cement setting and its capability to control interzonal fluid flow. It also demonstrates the results of several test procedures designed to measure two or more cement properties simultaneously under conditions that simulate job applications. These procedures test the validity of theories and procedures for controlling annular gas flow, cement bonding, interzonal channeling, and intrazone isolation. From these results, guidelines may be developed for using laboratory data to determine times for temperature logs, perforating, and stimulation treatments. Existing laboratory equipment was modified and new equipment was designed to measure the interrelationships between static-gel-strength development, volume reductions, hydration temperatures, permeability changes, net plastic-state shrinkage, and compressive strength. Test results indicated that (1) hydration volume reduction (HVR) during the transition period is relatively small and shows a general correlation to unit volume cement content; (2) temperature increases from hydration show a rough correlation to static-gel-strength development; (3) permeability during static-gel-strength development decreases rapidly and shows a definite correlation to fluid-loss test values; (4) plastic-state shrinkage is only a very small part of the total HVR; (5) a general correlation exists between compressive strength, HVR, and heat of hydration; (6) the HVR for an expansive cement was greater than that of a nonexpansive cement, but its plastic-state shrinkage was less.
6