Stimuli through Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 3 and 9 affect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) production in a choriocarcinoma cell line

Abstract

TLR 3 and TLR 9 agonists upregulated hCG production in BeWo cells. The present observations suggest alternative roles of TLR signaling in the control of placental functions and blastocyst-endometrial dialogue, as well as in pathophysiology, including for infertility and ectopic pregnancy.