Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces: An Historical Review

Abstract

Abstract The history of the fouling of heat transfer surfaces is reviewed up to 1979. Four epochs of fouling are identified. Particular attention is paid to fouling in steam boilers and steam condensers. The origin of the cleanliness factor and the fouling factor are discussed. The introduction of scientific methods of studying fouling through the model of Kern and Seaton, and the application of models based on fundamental ideas in mass transfer are considered. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the successes in understanding fouling and pointing out the needs for future research. Notes E. F. C. Somerscales was educated at the Northampton Polytechnic (now the City University), London, receiving a B.Sc. (Eng.) degree from the University of London, and was subsequently employed by the North British Locomotive Co., in Glasgow, Scotland. He received an M.M.E. degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and a Ph.D. from Cornell University, both in mechanical engineering. In 1988 he was the recipient of the Bengough Medal from the Institute of Metals. Since 1964 he has been a member of the faculty of RPI, specializing in heat transfer and fluid mechanics. His current research is concerned with the fouling of heat transfer surfaces, and the effects of corrosion on heat transfer.