A numerical revisit of backward-facing step flow problem

Abstract

In the present study we take a fresh look at a laminar flow evolving into a larger channel through a step configured in a backward-facing format. We conduct steady three-dimensional Navier–Stokes flow analysis in the channel using the step geometry and flow conditions reported by Armaly et al. This allows a direct comparison with the results of physical experiments, thus serving to validate the numerical results computed in the range of 100⩽Re⩽1000. Results show that there is generally excellent agreement between the present results and the experimental data for Re=100 and 389. Fair agreement for Re=1000 is also achieved, except in the streamwise range of 15⩽x⩽25. The main difference stems from the fact that the roof eddy is not extended toward the midspan in the channel with a span width 35 times of the height of the upstream channel. In the present study we also reveal that the flow at the plane of symmetry develops into a two-dimensional-like profile only when the channel width is increased up to 100 times of the upstream step height for the case with Re=800. The present computational results allow the topological features of the flow to be identified using critical point theory. The insight thus gained is useful in revealing a mechanism for the development of an end-wall-induced three-dimensional vortical flow with increasing Reynolds number.