Dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in sub- and supercritical acetone

TLDR

Dehydration of fructose to 5‑hydroxymethylfurfural is a well‑known reaction, yet industrially viable processes are absent because high selectivity is only achieved in high‑boiling polar solvents, which make separation expensive, while aqueous systems give low selectivity. The authors investigate whether green solvents such as acetone, methanol, or acetic acid in their sub‑ or supercritical states can provide a modern, sustainable, and economical route to HMF. Experimental results show that sub‑ and supercritical acetone enables fructose dehydration to HMF, and the performance data are presented in this study.

Abstract

The dehydration of D-fructose (1) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF, 2) is a well known reaction (acid-induced elimination of three moles of water), performed by many investigators during the last three decades. HMF and its oxidation product 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid are so called 'sleeping giants' in the field of intermediate chemicals from regrowing resources. HMF is a key substance between carbohydrate chemistry and mineral oil-based industrial chemistry and it has the potential of a commodity like terephthalic acid. Surprisingly, no technical process has been constructed until now. The reason is that high selectivities (in this context selectivity means yield divided by conversion in mol%) can only be obtained in high boiling polar solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, poly(glycol ether) etc. so that separation procedures are very expensive. Unfortunately, in aqueous systems (supercritical water), only low selectivities can be achieved. Considering the specifications for a modern sustainable and economical process, the use of green solvents like acetone, methanol or acetic acid in their sub- or supercritical states should be accounted for. The results for this reaction performed in sub- and supercritical acetone are presented here.