Influence of phyllosilicates on fault strength in the brittle-ductile transition: insights from rock analogue experiments

Abstract

Abstract Despite the fact that phyllosilicates are ubiquitous in mature fault and shear zones, little is known about the strength of phyllosilicate-bearing fault rocks under brittle-ductile transitional conditions where cataclasis and solution-transfer processes are active. In this study we explored steady-state strength behaviour of a simulated fault rock, consisting of muscovite and halite, using brine as pore fluid. Samples were deformed in a rotary shear apparatus under conditions where cataclasis and solution transfer are known to dominate the deformation behaviour of the halite. It was found that the steady-state strength of these mixtures is dependent on normal stress and sliding velocity. At low velocities (<0.5 µm s −1 ) the strength increases with velocity and normal stress, and a strong foliation develops. Comparison with previous microphysical models shows that this is a result of the serial operation of pressure solution in the halite grains accommodating frictional sliding over the phyllosilicate foliation. At high velocities (>1 µm s −1 ), velocity-weakening frictional behaviour occurs along with the development of a structureless cataclastic microstructure. Revision of previous models for the low-velocity behaviour results in a physically realistic description that fits our data well. This is extended to include the possibility of plastic flow in the phyllosilicates and applied to predict steady-state strength profiles for continental fault zones containing foliated quartz-mica fault rocks. The results predict a significant reduction of strength at mid-crustal depths and may have important implications for crustal dynamics and seismogenesis.