The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology and its prediction*

TLDR

Systematic sampling is highly efficient across all levels in stereology, with several common implementation methods described. The paper aims to present simple efficiency estimators for stereology, illustrated with biological examples. The authors develop simple, unbiased volume estimators based on Cavalieri's principle and other efficiency estimators, detailing their implementation. A nomogram predicts the required number of points for point counting, and the efficiency of systematic fractionation is demonstrated.

Abstract

The superior efficiency of systematic sampling at all levels in stereological studies is emphasized and various commonly used ways of implementing it are briefly described. Summarizing recent theoretical and experimental studies a set of very simple estimators of efficiency are presented and illustrated with a variety of biological examples. In particular, a nomogram for predicting the necessary number of points when performing point counting is provided. The very efficient and simple unbiased estimator of the volume of an arbitrary object based on Cavalieri's principle is dealt with in some detail. The efficiency of the systematic fractionating of an object is also illustrated.