Striking for freedom? International intervention and the Guianese sugar workers' strike of 1964

Abstract

Abstract This article calls into question the conventional narrative about international meddling in British Guiana, which argues that US intervention against the Leftist government of Premier Cheddi Jagan was the proximate cause for the colony's racial violence as it moved to independence. The authors focus on the violent pro-government sugar workers' strike of 1964 and in particular the role of Jagan's wife, Janet, presenting evidence from retired Cuban intelligence agents that Cuba countered US aid to the opposition by providing paramilitary training to Guianese cadres and laundering financial aid to Jagan's government. This outside intervention turned British Guiana into a Cold War sideshow. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following organizations for having provided research and travel grants: The Earhart Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Foundation, the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library Foundation for the Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Fellowship, and the State Department. In addition, thanks to Cold War History article referees Thomas Field and an anonymous reader for their suggestions, which much improved the article. Waters would like to give special thanks to Dr. Magaly Rodríguez García of the Free University of Brussels, whose kindness and organizational skills allowed Waters to conduct research at the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam after Hurricane Katrina destroyed his home and university. Notes Robert Anthony Waters, Jr. is assistant professor of history at Ohio Northern University and a former civil rights lawyer. His book, Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations was published by Scarecrow Press in 2009. He and Daniels are completing a book on the Guyanese interventions. Gordon Oliver Daniels is associate professor of history at Mississippi Valley State University in Itta Bena, Mississippi. His dissertation is entitled A Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan: The Kennedy Administration and British Guiana, 1961–1963. A native Guyanese, Daniels participated in many of the events recounted in the article. [1] British Guiana became Guyana with independence in 1966. We have used the names Guiana and Guyana where historically appropriate. [2] CitationCheddi Jagan Research Centre, Georgetown, Guyana [henceforth CJRC], document #812, 1963 Speech by Cheddi Jagan, n.d., 5. [3] CitationWeiner, ‘Kennedy-CIA Plot’, 10, shamed the US government into releasing the Guianese documents in FRUS, Citation 1961 –1963, XII, following the aborted appointment of AIFLD Director William Doherty, Jr. as ambassador to Guyana. For the Lyndon Johnson administration, see FRUS, Citation 1964 –1968, XXXII. The British National Archives (NA) has also released a significant number of documents. Many of Cheddi and Janet Jagan's speeches, articles, and letters are available at the Cheddi Jagan Research Centre in Georgetown, Guyana and at the ‘Cheddi Jagan – Guyana's Hero’ website, http://www.jagan.org. British reports on Guyana and documents from the British NA with commentary are found at http://www.guyana.org, edited by Odeen Ishmael, a Guyanese academic and ambassador. Neither the Guyanese government nor Guyanese political parties have opened their archives to the public and Guyanese labour documents from the period no longer exist. Cuba and Russia also have not opened their archives. Among trade unions, the AFL-CIO, the British TUC, and the ICFTU, have opened files to the public. The AIFLD collection, held by the AFL-CIO, remains unprocessed and the AFSCME files have probably been destroyed. [4] CitationRabe, US Intervention. Reviews in the Latin American, diplomatic, and US fields that reflect the book's preeminent position include CitationDorn, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe; CitationCalder, Hispanic American Historical Review; CitationGleijeses, Diplomatic History; CitationSheinin, International History Review; CitationRamcharan, Journal of Cold War Studies; and CitationGambone, American Historical Review. [5] Jagan, West on Trial; Jagan's discussion of the CIA's role expanded in later editions as more evidence emerged. See also, CitationJagan, Forbidden Freedom, which recounts the PPP's early years and the events leading to and immediately following its removal from power in 1953. See also CitationRabe, Most Dangerous; CitationSt. Pierre, Anatomy of Resistance; CitationMars and Young, Caribbean Labor; CitationAshton, Kennedy, Macmillan; CitationDrayton, ‘Anglo-American’; CitationFraser, ‘The ‘New Frontier’’; CitationParekh, ‘Subversion’; CitationRamcharan, ‘Cold War’. On the 1964 strike, see CitationJagan, West on Trial, 305–12; CitationSeecharan, Sweetening, 570–85, 591–4; CitationRabe, US Intervention, 127–31, 120, 112–3, 138, 150. [6] Seecharan, Sweetening; CitationSeecharan, ‘Anatomy of Cheddi Jagan's’. See also CitationWaters and Daniels, ‘World's Longest’; CitationWaters and Daniels, ‘When you're handed money’. [7] CitationRabe, US Intervention, 127–31, quotation on 127. [8] Daniels' personal experience working in a sugar grinding factory. [9] CitationKnowles, Trade Union. [10] Arthur CitationSchlesinger Jr. later described the president's reaction to Jagan's self-professed imprecision on the various strands of Marxism following a White House meeting with the Guianese: ‘Kennedy observed later that this was the one time when his exposition rang false’. Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 776. [11] CitationJagan, West on Trial, 11–42. On the question of whether or not Jagan was a Communist, see Seecharan, ‘Anatomy’; CitationHalperin, ‘Racism’, 106–9; CitationSwan, British Guiana; Despres, Cultural Pluralism, 211–5; and Waters and Daniels, ‘World's Longest’, 285–7. CitationSpinner, Political and Social History, argues that Jagan's Communist rhetoric made US officials miss his moderate and democratic governing. An important work in which Jagan and many of his former party colleagues discuss his communism, favourably and unfavourably, is CitationBirbalsingh, People's Progressive Party. [12] CitationWaters, ‘Betrayal’. [13] Seecharan, Sweetening, rehabilitates the MPCA's reputation. [14] CitationHalperin, ‘Racism’, 109; CitationMoskos, ‘Sociology of Political’, 30, 225; Waters telephone interview with Moskos (30 March 2000); CitationDespres, Cultural Pluralism, 211–5; Janet Jagan e-mail to Waters (10 April 2003); Jagan, West on Trial, 116–8; CitationSt. Pierre, Anatomy of Resistance, 96–8. [15] Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 778. Former PPP leader Eusi Kwayana (born Syndey King) argues in numerous works that Africans responded to East Indian racism. East Indian racism is discussed in CitationGibson's controversial Cycle of Racial Oppression. [16] CitationChase, History of Trade Unionism, 213–4, 217–8, 251–3, 260; Seecharan, Sweetening, 452–4, 463–7; Rabe, U.S Intervention, 128, 110. Wage levels based on the 1962 Reubens Report by Edwin and Beatrice Reubens, quoted in Chase. Chase is the leading expert on the history of the Guyanese trade union movement. The Reubens' figures show percentage increases in the workers' disaggregated wage without including actual amounts of money made for all categories. [17] CitationIshmael, Report of the Commission. Rabe, US Intervention, 89–93, argues that ‘the Kennedy administration encouraged and financed the attacks on the Jagan government’; Daniels and Waters, ‘CitationThe British Guiana Trades Union Council Strike of 1962’, argue that his evidence is not very strong. [18] Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan [henceforth Reuther Library], ANG, part 2, box 111, folder 111-9, ‘Guyana’, Basil Blackman, ‘Report: Educational Activities of the Caribbean Council of Labor – October 1961 to September 1963’, n.d., 3–4; Jagan, West on Trial, 11–42, 230–1; Waters interview with Janet Jagan, Georgetown, Guyana (20 November 2001); Waters and Daniels, ‘World's Longest’; BGTUC, Communist Martyr Makers. [19] See Waters and Daniels, ‘World's Longest’; Waters and Daniels, ‘When you're handed money’; Harold Macmillan diary entry (27 September 1962). The diary was kindly given to Waters by Peter Catterall, who is editing it for a two-volume collection. [20] See Waters and Daniels, ‘World's Longest’; Waters and Daniels, ‘When you're Handed Money’; Harold Macmillan diary entry (27 September 1962). The diary entry was kindly given to Waters by Peter Catterall, who is editing it for a two-volume collection, Diary entry (17 September 1963). [21] Waters, ‘Betrayal’. Williams also opposed Jagan out of fear that Guianese conflict between East Indians and Africans could spread to Trinidad and Tobago. [22] NA, LAB 13/1562, Patrick Keatley, ‘No Independence yet for British Guiana’, Guardian (1 November 1963); Reuther Library, ANG, part 2, box 111, folder 111-9, ‘Guyana’, ‘Less Talk and More Action’, Guiana Graphic (7 January 1964): 1; George Meany Memorial Archive, Silver Spring, MD [henceforth GMMA], RG18-001, Office of the President: George Meany, 1952–80, International Affairs Department: Country Files, 1945–71, [henceforth omitted because all files from this collection are from RG18-001 … 1945–71], box 17, file 2, ‘Caribbean Area: British Guiana, 1963’ [henceforth 17/2], Gene Meakins to Ben Segal, 9 December 1963; CitationWallace, ‘British Guiana’, 530; CitationBurrowes, Wild Coast, 187–8; Jagan, West on Trial, 307; BGTUC, Communist Martyr Makers, 20. Jagan claims that the strike shut down all the estates, but secret US intelligence cables and Meakins' letters to the AFL-CIO indicate that this was not the case. Reading the Jagan and Meakins works together is amusing because each fills the interstices left by the other. For example, Meakins does not mention the actions by the estate official that precipitated the strike at Leonora and he leaves out that estate management refused to meet with the local GAWU leader, Madray Mootoo (also spelled Madramootoo). Jagan overlooks that, the following month, Mootoo's hand was blown off while throwing a bottle bomb. [23] Waters interview with Meakins, Greeley, Colorado (27–28 August 2001); GMMA, 17/2, Meakins to Andrew McLellan, 8 January 1964; CitationAgee, Inside the Company, 406; Rabe, US Intervention, 127–31, 112–3, 150. [24] Waters interview with Meakins; CitationPeters, ‘Man a Witness’; GMMA, box 17, file 3, ‘Caribbean Area: British Guiana, 1964’ [henceforth 17/3], correspondence between Meakins and McLellan; CitationIshmael, ed., Report of the Commission, ‘Memorandum by the Government on the Background to the February 1962 Disturbances’, para. 38, Appendix 5. [25] GMMA, 17/3, correspondence between Meakins and McLellan; GMMA, 17/3, report on PPP Conference [no author or document name], 28 January 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, CIA Intelligence Information Cable, ‘Purpose of the Mass Demonstration to be Held by Progressive Youth Organization in Georgetown’, date of information 29–30 January 1964; CJRC, document 42m (1724), unnamed, undated document reporting on 6 March 1962 PNC leadership meeting. [26] GMMA, 17/3, correspondence between Meakins and McLellan; BGTUC, Communist Martyr Makers, 25; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, BT to secretary of state, 25 February 1964. [27] GMMA, 17/3, correspondence between Meakins and McLellan. In Communist Martyr Makers, Meakins catalogued and described a vast number of abuses culled from affidavits and newspaper stories. Waters interview with Meakins; Reuther Library, ANG, part 2, box 98, folder 98-11, ‘Gene Meakins’, Meakins to Chuck Perlik, 18 October 1963; GMMA, 17/2, Meakins to Segal, 9 December 1963; Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, President's Office, box 9, folder 10, ‘Benjamin Segal, 1964’, Frank Cousins report to the British TUC, 10 February 1964, 5, Document A; GMMA, 17/3, Ishmael to Meany, 5 March 1964; GMMA, 17/3, McLellan to Morris Paladino, 5 March 1964; GMMA, 17/3, ‘Report on British Guiana, March 21–26’ [no author but presumably McCabe, who visited British Guiana during this period]; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, correspondence between Carlson and Rusk or State Department. [28] CitationIshmael, ‘The British Declassified Files’, Jagan to Anthony Greenwood [Labour Colonial Secretary], Appendix I, 20 October 1964 (Jagan earlier sent this information to Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home as well: CJRC, document #1015(b), Jagan, letter to Home, Appendix III, 24 June 1964); International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands (henceforth, IISH), ICFTU Archive, box 5267, ‘Guyana (formerly British Guiana): Correspondence Concerning Violence on Sugar Estates 1963–1964’, Joseph Pollydore to Jagan, 7 April 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64', CIA Intelligence Information Cable, ‘Attempt by a Group of Professional Leaders to Effect a Reconciliation between the Country's Political Leaders’, 25 July 1964. [29] GMMA, 17/3, Ishmael to McLellan, 14 March 1964; ILO Report, 3 July 1964, Report No. 83, vol. XLVII, 1965, no. 3 S II, Interim Report, para. 312, 319, found at http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/LSGetParasByCase.cfm?PARA = 5727&FILE = 406&hdroff = 1&DISPLAY = RECOMMENDATION,INTRODUCTION,BACKGROUND#BACKGROUND; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63-7/64’, correspondence between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; Reuther Library, ANG, part 2, box 98, folder 98-11, ‘Gene Meakins’, Meakins, article draft, n.d. On Jagan's use of race to mobilize East Indian support, see Seecharan, Sweetening, 568–75, 579. [30] GMMA, 17/3, McLellan to Ishmael, 28 February 1964; LBJL, NSF, box 55, Country File, Latin America, ‘British Guiana’, ‘Latin America, British Guiana’, Carlson to Rusk, 8 April 1964; GMMA, 17/3, McLellan to Meakins, 29 February 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, correspondence between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; LBJL, NSF, Intelligence File, box 5, ‘British Guiana Special File’, CIA Memorandum for McGeorge Bundy, Subject: British Guiana, 18 March 1964. [31] GMMA, 17/3, Ishmael to McLellan, 14 March 1964; ILO, Committee on Freedom of Association Report, United Kingdom (Case No. 406), CitationBritish Guiana Trades Union Council, 3 July 1964, Report No. 85, vol. XLIX, no. 1 S, Definitive Report, para. 213(b), found at 213(b), http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/LSGetParasByCase.cfm?PARA = 5727&FILE = 406&hdroff = 1&DISPLAY = BACKGROUND,INTRODUCTION,RECOMMENDATION#RECOMMENDATION (accessed 28 February 2010); LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘Latin America, British Guiana’, Carlson to Rusk, 8 April 1964; LBJL, NSF, Intelligence File, box 5, ‘British Guiana Special File’, Memorandum for McGeorge Bundy from the Central Intelligence Agency, 7 March 1964 [handwritten on the top, ‘Destroy’; the last two paragraphs (22 ½ lines) of the document have been redacted]; ILO Report, 3 July 1964, Report No. 83, vol. XLVII, 1965, no. 3 S II, Interim Report, para. 316; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, correspondence between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; GMMA, 17/3, correspondence between Meakins and McLellan. [32] LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63-7/64’, correspondence between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; GMMA, 17/3, correspondence between Meakins and McLellan; GMMA, 17/3, ‘Report on British Guiana’, 21–26 March [no author but presumably McCabe, who visited British Guiana during this period]; IISH, ICFTU Archive, box 5267, ‘Guyana (formerly British Guiana): Correspondence Concerning Violence on Sugar Estates 1963–1964’, Osmond Dyce (secretary-treasurer of the Caribbean Congress of Labour) to Arturo Jauregui (secretary general of Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers [ORIT]), 26 March 1964; Rabe, U.S. Intervention, 128. [33] FRUS, Citation 1964 –1968, XXXII, 851–2. The Preface to the FRUS volume states: ‘Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinent material not printed in the volume’. Ibid., vi. [34] LBJL, NSF, Intelligence File, box 5, ‘British Guiana Special File’, Memorandum for McGeorge Bundy; FRUS, 1964–1968, XXXII, 856–7, ‘Memorandum from the Deputy Director for Plans of the Central Intelligence Agency (Helms) to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)’, 18 March 1964. [35] FRUS, 1964–1968, XXXII, 860, n.3 ‘Telegram From the Department of State [text not declassified] to the Consulate General in British Guiana’, 13 May 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, memorandum, Helms to Bundy, 30 April 1964. [36] IISH, ICFTU Archive, box 5266, ‘MPCA’, Tom S. Bavin, ‘Report on T.S. Bavin's Visit to B.G., July 31–August 8, 1964’, n.d. [37] Moses Bhagwan e-mail to Waters (7 October 2009); GMMA, 17/3, ‘Report on British Guiana, March 21–26’ [no author but presumably McCabe, who visited British Guiana during this period]. [38] GMMA, 17/3, Meakins to McLellan, 7 May 1964; GMMA, 17/3, Ishmael to McLellan, 8 May 1964; Waters interview with Meakins. [39] LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Miner [ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago] to Rusk, 7 May 1964. [40] CitationStacey, ‘Violent prelude’; Stacey e-mail to Waters, 25 July 2006; LBJL, NSF, Intelligence File, box 5, CIA memorandum to Bundy, 30 April 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 74, Latin America, Trinidad and Tobago, ‘Trinidad and Tobago, Cables, vol. I, 12/63–10/68’, Miner (Port-of-Spain) to Department of State, 13 January 1964, Bhagwan e-mail to Waters. [41] LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Melby to Rusk, ‘Organization of People's Progressive Party’, 21 November 1963, 3–6; CitationBirbalsingh, Citation The People's Progressive Party , LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, cables between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; BGTUC, Communist Martyr Makers, Waters interview with Meakins; Waters interview with Georgetown, Guyana (20 November 2001); Waters interview with a Guyanese who does not to be Georgetown, Guyana 2001); NA, ‘The in British Guiana – Report by Intelligence in a Visit to British Guiana July 1964’, 9 July 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Carlson to State April 1964; NA, to Colonial Office, 25 September 1964 British the of the local of Special because he to the and in their but he could not be for financial Waters interview with Janet e-mail to Waters July Bhagwan e-mail to Waters. who has been given to Cuban government archives and government two Cuban who are in a position to Seecharan, Sweetening, and See also, CitationJagan, July – 30 April CitationJagan, 29 April Waters telephone with March and March 2009); e-mail to Waters January 89–93, Bhagwan e-mail to Waters. Bhagwan Waters that Jagan to the PPP leadership with the of providing with and he that a would have opposed has described the in the Cuban government to including that its in a CitationGleijeses, e-mail to Waters was a of notes from a June interview with In interview with years he the of that Cuba a to Cheddi Jagan, but that Jagan to to Cuba during the Jagan was in the Guianese this more is Waters would like to thank for his kindness in to the on in for The New and of notes during one of his home to Waters March and April FRUS, 1964–1968, XXXII, ‘Memorandum From the Deputy Director for of the of Intelligence and Research to the Director and Deputy Director 6 December CitationGleijeses, Waters with Cuban to and British Guiana to with a of about his with the and a very about his with and The was NA, ‘British Guiana’, of a at No. 10 at on November 1964; Archives of the Communist Party and 38, 5, The files kindly by a from who was in Ohio Northern in and the of Waters interview with Meakins; Waters, ‘Betrayal’. FRUS 1964–1968, XXXII, 860, ‘Telegram From the Department of State [text not declassified] to the Consulate General in British Guiana’, 13 May 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, cables between Carlson and Rusk or State in 8 May 1964. Waters interview with retired Guyanese Georgetown, Guyana November 2001); FRUS, 1964–1968, XXXII, Memorandum from Director of Intelligence and to George of May 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Assistant of State for to Georgetown, 9 May 1964. CitationIshmael, Report of the GMMA, 17/3, correspondence between Meakins and McLellan; CJRC, document by the Dr. the Jagan on LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, for a by the Progressive Youth Organization against the United and the date of information June 1964, in June 1964; LBJL, NSF, Intelligence File, box 5, ‘British Guiana Special File’, Central Intelligence Agency to Bundy, June 1964 of 14 was redacted]; Bhagwan e-mail to Waters. LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, cables between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, to Rusk, June 1964; Waters interview with Meakins; CJRC, document Jagan, by the NA, to July 1964; NA, ‘The in British Guiana – Report by Intelligence in a Visit to British Guiana July 1964’, 9 July 1964; CitationWallace, ‘British Guiana’, FRUS, 1964–1968, XXXII, Chase of the National Security Council to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)’, 25 May 1964; Bhagwan e-mail to Waters. NA, Office July 1964; NA, to Colonial Office, 5 July 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Carlson to Rusk, 7 July 1964; NA, to Colonial Office, 7 July 1964; NA, to 14 July 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, cables between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; Ishmael, Report of the Waters with PNC with to Georgetown, Guyana 2001); CitationIshmael, ‘British Declassified Files’, from Premier Dr. Cheddi Jagan to Minister of Affairs Janet 3 July Rabe, US Intervention, does not mention the FRUS, 1964–1968, XXXII, ‘Memorandum From the Deputy Director for Plans of the Central Intelligence Agency (Helms) to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)’, July 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Carlson to Rusk, July 1964; Waters with PNC with to Appendix LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Carlson to Rusk, 20 July 1964; Waters interview with Meakins. GMMA, 17/3, Meakins to McLellan, 24 July 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Carlson to State June 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, cables between Carlson and Rusk or State Department; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, CIA Intelligence Information of the Government of British Guiana to an to the US to US of a Government in British Guiana’, date of information June 1964, date 28 June 1964; LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, CIA Intelligence Information Cable, author Cheddi Jagan's with Party Leaders on the GAWU Strike and the Security in the date of information July 1964, date 25 July 1964; CitationWallace, ‘British Guiana’, NA, Report on in British Guiana by British Guiana, August 1964’, was to the British LBJL, NSF, Country File, box 55, Latin America, British Guiana, ‘British Guiana, Vol. I, Cables, 12/63–7/64’, Carlson to Rusk, 28 July 1964; Waters interview with Janet Appendix NA, for the 9 November 1964; Ishmael, ‘British Declassified Files’, Jagan to 20 October 1964; LBJL, Files, box Relations Carlson to Department official 21 October 1964 meeting with British 24 October 1964, CitationIshmael, The Guyana CitationSpinner, A Political and Social History, CitationJagan, Prime and See Waters and Daniels, ‘World's General On the for the work with the see Labor in Waters and Daniels, ‘When you're handed money’. Waters with LBJL, George box Memorandum of telephone between McGeorge Bundy and George March 1964. Jagan, of Cheddi Rabe, U.S. Intervention, CitationBirbalsingh, Citation The People's Progressive Party , Jagan: and the of ‘CitationThe People's Progressive A with the CitationBirbalsingh, Citation The People's Progressive Party , CitationDespres, Cultural Pluralism, to The AIFLD have not been to of but to the AFL-CIO for to at the e-mail to Waters (27 April Waters files on numerous including and international trade in and the The and Waters visited the during April The AIFLD files made available a of 13 file of correspondence between AIFLD and Latin American of the AIFLD in A on the from on In Andrew the the History of The British has for and in See