Carrots or sticks? A social custom viewpoint on worker effort

Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms

Edwin P. Hollander, George C. Homans · The American Journal of Psychology · 1963 · 4.7K citations

Social Sciences, Psychology, Social Psychology +14

Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange

George A. Akerlof · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · 1982 · 3.2K citations

Social Sciences, Business Economics, Economics +10

The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment

George A. Akerlof, Janet L. Yellen · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · 1990 · 2.2K citations

Social Sciences, Social Psychology, Sociology +13

Not just for the money: an economic theory of personal motivation

Choice Reviews Online · 1997 · 2K citations

Management, Economics, Social Psychology +13

Efficiency Wages and the Inter-Industry Wage Structure

Alan B. Krueger, Lawrence H. Summers · Econometrica · 1988 · 1.7K citations

Social Sciences, Economics, Econometrics +15