Review of Financial Studies · 1999 · 572 citations · 24 references
BusinessFinanceFinancial ManagementFinancial EconomicsForecastingTime Series AnalysisFinancial ForecastingForecast EvaluationForecasting MethodsModel SelectionTime Series ForecastingTime Series ModelingEconometric Forecast ModelsEconometric Forecasting ModelsForecast Performance EvaluationModel Selection For ForecastingPredictive EconometricsRegression Forecasting ModelsReturns ForecastingStock Return Forecasting
Statistical model selection criteria provide an informed choice of the model with best external (i.e., out-of-sample) validity. Therefore they guard against overfitting (“data snooping”). We implement several model selection criteria in order to verify recent evidence of predictability in excess stock returns and to determine which variables are valuable predictors. We confirm the presence of in-sample predictability in an international stock market dataset, but discover that even the best prediction models have no out-of-sample forecasting power. The failure to detect out-of-sample predictability is not due to lack of power.
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Eugene F. Fama · The Journal of Finance · 1991 · 5.2K citations · Full text
Predicting returns in the stock and bond markets
Donald B. Keim, Robert F. Stambaugh · Journal of Financial Economics · 1986 · 1.8K citations · Full text